History

Belgium is home to two major linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking community, largely based in Flanders (about 59% of the population), and the French-speaking community, mostly in Wallonia (41% of Belgians). There is also a small group of German-speakers in Eastern Wallonia who are officially recognised. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a largely French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. Belgium’s linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its history and complex system of government.

Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, or Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the seventeenth century, the territory was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture. From the sixteenth century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands, the area of Belgium was a battleground for many European powers; its reputation as the “Battlefield of Europe” was further entrenched by both World Wars.

Upon its independence, Belgium gained a number of colonies in Africa. The second half of the twentieth century was marked by rising tensions between the Flemish and the French populations, fuelled by the language barrier and unequal economic development in Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, including the transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions between the two groups remain; the formation of a coalition government took eighteenth months following the June 2010 federal election.