History
To set Rwanda’s recent history in a context, you need to go as far back as the late 13th century when pastoral Tutsi tribes arrived from the south and conquered the Hutu and Twa inhabitants of Rwanda, establishing a feudal kingdom.The Rwandan population was originally made up of 18 different tribes and the terms Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa were largely socio-economic groupings with the Tutsis as the wealthiest, the Hutus as the farmers and the Batwa pygmies as the marginalised group.
A unified state was established by King Kigeri Rwabuguri during the 19th century, but this lasted only until 1890 when Rwanda was annexed as a province of German East Africa.When the Belgians came in the 1920s (after the brief occupation by Germany) they classified anyone who had 10 cows or more as a Tutsi. The Belgians sponsored the continued dominance of the Tutsi minority at the expense of the Hutu but were forced, in the 1960s, to concede independence under majority Hutu rule. Inter communal violence between Hutus and Tutsis continued.This insistence on dividing the population into three groups is largely blamed as sowing the seed of the later massacres of Tutsis and the 1994 genocide.
In 1994 the conflict erupted on an incomprehensible scale. Hutu extremists known as the Interahamwe militias (roughly ‘those who struggle together’) set about a planned genocide which saw nearly 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus killed in 100 days. The international community, and especially the United Nations, proved extremely reluctant to intervene. Three million people fled the country to neighbouring Tanzania, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. From their bases in Uganda, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) took the only available course of action and launched a full-scale invasion but the bulk of the Hutu militia had fled to the DRC – a fact that has crafted a violent rift between the two countries. A new government was established under the RPF general Paul Kagame, who is still president.
Faced with the formidable task of reconstruction and reconciliation, there have been UN-run war tribunals tasked with bringing the architects of the genocide to justice, as well as an intense programme of education; genocide memorials are all over the country, testament to the hope that ethnic violence never occurs again.
Now history is a moot subject in Rwanda and the term Hutu and Tutsi are taboo. Now everyone is just Rwandan and you will find historical distinctions between the groups played down, even in museums. A rather sheepish international community has been a considerable help getting Rwanda back on its feet since 1994, after allowing the genocide to continue unchecked until it was too late. The Rwandan government is valiantly attempting to build a new country with a place for everyone.
Part of this is that now, unlike other African countries, Rwanda does not tolerate corruption and you are unlikely to encounter it – bribery and begging are strongly discouraged by the government. A boon for travellers is that the country is also remarkably clean – dropping litter is frowned upon, and there is a monthly national clean-up day dedicated to the maintenance of shared areas.
