History
Taiwan is the name of the largest island in the Republic of China. Since it makes up the vast majority of the ROC, ‘Taiwan’ is the name by which most people know the country.
The island was originally inhabited by mainland Chinese until the 17th century. It was then occupied by the Dutch and Spanish for about 40 years. In 1684, Taiwan was taken over by supporters of the deposed Ming Dynasty and was a tao (a sub-province or county) of the mainland province of Fukien across the Taiwan Straits. In 1885, Taiwan was completely controlled by the Qing Dynasty and made into a province in its own right.
The province was ceded in perpetuity to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Although it was fiercely resented and actively resisted by the population, Taiwan remained under Japanese rule from 1895 until its defeat at the end of World War II, when it was freed in 1945. Japan, however, did not specify to whom Taiwan should be relinquished, leading to later disputes over sovereignty of the region.
Four years later the Chinese Civil War came to a head, with the nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-Shek defeated by Mao’s Communists, and the nationalist leadership, along with thousands of supporters, fleeing to Taiwan. The island’s use as a refuge for deposed rulers from the mainland is a recurring feature of Taiwanese history.
Over the coming years, under nationalist dictator Chiang-Kai Shek from the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan enjoyed a spectacularly successful economic boom, becoming one of the fast-developing ‘tiger economies’ of the Pacific Rim, along with Hong-Kong, Singapore and South Korea.
The Chinese still consider Taiwan to be part of the national territory and continue to harbour the long-term objective of reunifying Taiwan with the mainland. Beijing does not accept international recognition of Taiwan , for example by the United Nations. Many in Taiwan believe that the two countries should be reunited but dispute the terms under which this should take place; the idea of a Hong Kong-type solution is given short shrift. But in the mid-1990s, a different option came under consideration for the first time – full independence. This drew a furious reaction from Beijing but, inside Taiwan, it has attracted growing support. The constitution was amended to consolidate representative democracy on the island.
In 2000 George W Bush, who at the time was the Republican candidate in the forthcoming US Presidential election, endorsed Taiwanese independence and gave a major boost to the pro-independence lobby. This, however is not representative of US policy on Taiwan. The US remains committed to both the ‘One China’ policy and the defence of Taiwan (Taiwan Relations Act).
While denouncing anyone making noises towards Taiwanese independence, the Chinese continued to develop their links with Taiwan. Cultural exchange between the mainland and the island region have always been high, and with trade and commercial travel both prospering in the 2000s, and many hope that this signals improving relationships.
To this day the ‘recognition competition’ continues. Currently 28 countries recognise Taiwan, against more than 160 who recognise the People’s Republic of China. Both sides have ‘bought’ certain countries, typically by offering a substantial aid package and/or soft loans in exchange for recognition.
